Penalty Factors From Newton's Method

The penalty factors calculated by the classical B-coefficients method are shown to be proportional (but not equal) to the penalty factors calculated directly from the transposed acobian. It is also shown that the economic operating point is independent of the load and generation distribution factors Z. Expected computational times in examples with up to 5873 buses and 943 generators are given. The evidence presented supports conclusions also reached by others indicating that the transposed Jacobian approach is superior to classical B-coefficients based on its computational speed.