An Injection-Locked Frequency Divider With Multiple Highly Nonlinear Injection Stages and Large Division Ratios

An injection-locked frequency divider (ILFD) with multiple highly nonlinear injection stages is discussed. Implemented in a standard 0.18-mum CMOS technology, measurement shows that multiple division ratios from 6 to 18 are achieved while the locking ranges are all above 1.7 GHz without the need for additional tuning. The ILFD can be locked at the maximum injection frequency of 11 GHz with the power consumption no more than 7.2 mW from a 1.8-V power supply