Design Methodologies for Low-Power CMOS Operational Amplifiers in a 0.25μm Digital CMOS Process

Operational amplifiers (op-amps) have proven to be indispensable because of their various applications in the field of electronics. Industrial specifications of op-amps have been continuously improving in almost every metric. This paper discusses the design methodologies developed for standalone, low-power, all-complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) op-amps targeting industry-standard specification using two basic op-amp topologies. These design methods were developed from previous theses done at the laboratory and from other universities' publications