Methods for RMS Symmetrical Ground Potential Rise Calculations for Protection of Telecommunications Circuits Entering Power Stations

Methods are presented to calculate rms symmetrical Station Ground Potential Rise (not including dc offsets), due to single or double line-to-ground faults. Faults may occur at station HV or LV buses or anywhere along transmission lines. Short and long lines are treated. Limitations of these methods are discussed. Methods were successfully implemented and tested.