Finite element modeling of multiturn windings with attached electric circuits

Novel and convenient methods of modeling electromagnetic devices with multiturn windings attached to circuits are presented. Techniques are presented for 2-D and 3-D models and for both concentrated and distributed windings. The first application is to a transformer, for which 2-D and 3-D unsaturated analyses are shown to agree with classical theory. Other applications are to a saturated transformer and to a solenoid with a multiturn winding of large distributed area.<>