Fast 2-Dimensional 4$times$4 Forward Integer Transform Implementation for H.264/AVC

In this paper, the novel two-dimensional (2-D) fast algorithm for realization of 4
$times$
4 forward integer transform in H.264 is proposed. Based on matrix operations with Kronecker product and direct sum, the efficient fast 2-D 4
$times$
4 forward integer transform can be derived from the proposed one-dimensional fast 4
$times$
4 forward integer transform through matrix decompositions. The proposed fast 2-D 4
$times$
4 forward integer transform design doesn't need transpose memory for direct parallel pipelined architecture. The fast 2-D 4
$times$
4 forward integer transform requires fewer latency delays than the state-of-the-art methods. With regular modularity, the proposed fast algorithm is suitable for VLSI implementation to achieve real-time H.264/advanced video coding (AVC) signal processing.