Adaptive whitening in electromyogram amplitude estimation for epoch-based applications

Epoch-based electromyogram (EMG) amplitude estimates have not incorporated signal whitening, even though whitening has demonstrated significant improvements for stream-based estimates. This work presents new epoch-based algorithms, for both single- and multiple-channel EMG, which include a whitening stage. The best multiple-channel whitening processor provided a 21.4%-22.5% improvement over single-channel unwhitened estimation in an EMG-to-torque application.