Analysis of mixed-signal systems with affine arithmetic

This paper describes methods and a framework for the refinement and analysis of control and signal processing systems. The design starts with an executable specification and its allowed deviations. Refinement steps introduce models of analog or digital implementations, and augment the "ideal" behavior with different sources of uncertainty, such as noise or production tolerances. The framework verifies and analyzes the influence of these uncertainties on system properties using affine arithmetic.