Dynamic voltage and frequency management for a low-power embedded microprocessor

A dynamic voltage and frequency management scheme that autonomously controls the clock frequency (8 to 123 MHz at 0.5 MHz step) and adaptively controls the voltage (0.9 to 1.6 V at 5 mV step) with a leakage power compensation effect is developed for a low-power embedded microprocessor. It achieves 82% power reduction in personal information manager (PIM) application.