PDL effects in PMD emulators made out with HiBi fibers: building PMD/PDL emulators

Nonnegligible polarization-dependent loss (PDL) arises when HiBi fiber-based polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) emulators are spooled in small diameters. PMD/PDL emulators with random fluctuating PDL can be made with loops along the polarization-maintaining fiber sections. Theoretical predictions for PDL statistics agree with the experimental results.