Two-port model of an antenna for use in characterizing wireless communications systems, obtained using efficiency measurements

The agreement in these efficiency measurements validates the accuracy of the Satimo range, while highlighting the simplicity of the Wheeler cap. When one needs pattern data or the efficiency of an antenna in the presence of a surrogate hand and head, then a spherical near-field range, such as the Satimo system, is necessary. However, it is seen that a network analyzer and a Wheeler cap are sufficient for accurately measuring total antenna efficiency versus frequency for a small, solitary antenna. This total efficiency is the transfer function of the antenna, and may be used by system designers to evaluate the antenna's bandpass and band-reject properties.