Transdermal drug delivery: an assessment of skin impedance models

The variability found in skin impedance can significantly influence the effectiveness of Transdermal Drug Delivery. In order to optimize drug delivery, skin impedance frequency response must be considered. Several electrical models for skin impedance are presented in an attempt to understand the "status quo" and to provide suggestions for future improvements. Transdermal drug delivery, using iontophoresis, cannot be optimized until all facets of skin impedance are thoroughly understood.