Graph/Game Theory-Based Energy Routing Methods in the Energy Internet: A Review

The power network is evolving to a new concept called the Energy Internet (EI) by integrating smart grids, distributed energy sources, and advanced communication and data technologies. This shift introduces complexity as energy transmission evolves into a system with multiple sources, paths, and loads, where peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading and energy routers (ERs) play key roles. As power networks expand and become increasingly decentralized, the demand for efficient and adaptive power routing protocols has become critical to ensure efficient management. The main challenge is identifying the best match between source–load pairs and their optimal power paths. This article reviews power routing protocols using graph theory and game theory, providing a detailed analysis of energy routing characteristics. It begins with a brief introduction to energy routing characteristics and then offers a comprehensive review of existing algorithms.