Noise performance of RC-active quadratic filter sections

A method for calculating the noise voltage at the output of quadratic filter sections is developed. Multiple-feedback low-pass, bandpass, and high-pass quadratic filter sections realized using differential-input single-ended output operational amplifiers are analyzed. The amplifiers are assumed to have infinite input impedance, infinite gain, and zero output impedance. The noise sources associated with the amplifiers are assumed to be statistically independent, but can have both white and
l/f
noise components. A noise analysis of a fourthorder maximally flat low-pass filter realized by cascading two quadratic filter sections is included.