Novel RC-active-network synthesis using generalized- immittance converters

A general synthesis procedure capable of realizing any stable transfer function is described; generalized-immittance converters are used in which the input immittance is proportional to
s^{2} \times
load immittance. The resulting realizations are shown to have low sensitivity to element variations. The sensitivity in realizations of second-order transfer functions is independent of the selectivity and it is shown to be much lower than the sensitivity in realizations using positive-gain amplifiers or negative-immittance converters. A unique feature is that in some cases the same circuit can be used as a low-pass as well as a high-pass filter. The synthesis procedure is illustrated by examples and experimental results.