Simultaneous forward and backward Raman scattering in low-attenuation single-mode fibers

The coupled steady-state rate equations that govern the simultaneous forward and backward first Stokes line Raman scattering in low-loss single-mode optical fibers have been solved. The theory includes the feedback due to end-surface reflections. Experimental measurements of threshold power and scattering behavior above threshold were found to yield close agreement with theoretical predictions.