Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure: Review, Cyber Security Considerations, Potential Impacts, Countermeasures, and Future Trends

With the continual development of intellectualization and vehicle onboard communication networks, the cyber-physical security of modern electric vehicles (EVs) has captured paramount importance. Particularly, the powertrain and battery charging infrastructure are becoming more vulnerable to cyber-attacks owing to interconnectedness among the EVs in the intelligent traffic environment. Therefore, it urges the development of monitoring and diagnosis strategies to ensure secure and reliable power electronics systems for networked EVs. However, there is a lack of overview of the ramifications, detection, and mitigation approaches of cyber-attacks on battery charging infrastructure. This article aims to provide an overview of the latest research contributions regarding the evolution of battery charger architectures, control methods, EV supply equipment (EVSE), charging protocols, communication channels, and their compliance from the perspective of cyber security. Furthermore, the potential impacts of sabotage cyber-attacks on various popular battery chargers are explored through case studies. In addition, the latest hardware and software-intensive cyber-attack detection and countermeasure techniques are discussed and analyzed through case studies. Finally, distinct challenges and prospective research opportunities for establishing cyber-resilient EV battery charging systems are presented.