Linear Three-Phase Power Flow for Unbalanced Power Distribution Systems with Distributed Generation and Approximating Distribution Losses

The increasing penetration of distributed generation (DG) in power distribution systems (PDSs) over the last few years has presented new challenges in their operation and planning. In this context, the three-phase power flow problem (TFPF) has become a topic of research interest, as there is a need to coordinate DG operation and planning in both balanced and unbalanced PDSs. This paper proposes a linear TFPF model that considers distribution losses approximation, transformer TAP model, and ZIP load model. The proposed model was evaluated on a feeder operated by ELEPCO S.A. in Ecuador and proved to be more accurate than the model that did not consider distribution losses.