Cellular sensing devices for assessing chemicals

Several types of cellular biosensors have been developed for assessing chemicals, in which the cell responses to chemicals are transduced to the sensor outputs in various manners. The cell layer is fixed in the vicinity of the signal transducer. As an example, assessment of immunomodulating chemicals has been performed with a cellular biosensor based on electrochemical determination of the inducible nitrogen oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in a macrophage-like cell.