Beam propagation method simulation of a Ti:LiNbO/sub 3/ Mach-Zehnder modulator

Using the beam propagation method, we examine numerically and simulate optical field distribution in a waveguide Mach-Zehnder modulator fabricated in z-cut LiNbO/sub 3/, where the waveguides are formed by titanium in-diffusion in LiNbO/sub 3/ substrate. The device can be optimized for high extinction ratio and low insertion loss, with symmetric branches and arms, which are easier to fabricate.