Stable Device Architecture With Industrially Scalable Processes for Realizing Efficient 784 cm2 Monolithic Perovskite Solar Modules

We demonstrate the scaling up of the perovskite photovoltaic technology with minimal performance losses by developing stable device architecture with industrially compatible processes. The monofacial (aperture area: 784 cm
²
) and bifacial (aperture area: 781 cm
²
) perovskite solar modules exhibit a power conversion efficiency of 13.1% and 11.9%, respectively. Moreover, the encapsulated bifacial mini-modules (aperture area: 4 cm
²
) retained ∼92% of initial PCE after 1000 h of damp heat test.