A Hybrid Nanogenerator-Driven Self-Powered Wearable Perspiration Monitoring System

This paper reports a wireless and self-powered sweat biosensing system that consists of a novel, miniaturized hybrid nanogenerator with high output power (250.67 Wm^-2) and a microfluidic integrated stretchable biosensing patch. Polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF)/Co3O4 nanofibers improve the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) performance whereas the Halbach magnet array in the electromagnetic nanogenerator (EMG) enhances the flux concentration in the coil. The nanoporous carbon (NPC) modified stretchable porous graphene patterned in Styrene-Ethylene-Butylene-Styrene (SEBS) (PCG-SEBS) demonstrated excellent linearity and sensitivities for Na⁺, K⁺, pH, and temperature sensing. Employing all-in-one system integration, we demonstrate a fully functional hybrid nanogenerator-driven system that can power multiplexed biosensors and transmit data wirelessly to user interfaces.