Theoretical development with proper approximation and the corresponding clinical experiments for PPG sensor monitoring blood flow volume of hemodialysis patients with arteriovenous fistula

This study proposes a theoretical basis of blood flow volume sensor for arteriovenous fistula (AVF) of hemodialysis patients in a noninvasive way by means of reflectance-type photoplethysmography (PPG). After Bayesian neural network calibration, the PPG sensors based on the proposed mathematical equation shows high correlation to ultrasound Doppler blood flow meter (R
²
= 0.7625) and the root mean squared error (RMSE) is 127.5 ml/min..