22.13% Efficient industrial p-type mono PERC solar cell

Passivated emitter and rear cells (PERC) on p-type monocrystalline Si wafers are currently being introduced to mass production by various manufacturers and have been widely researched. We describe and characterize our recent batch of PERC cells, fabricated on 156×156 mm
²
wafers with an industrial process sequence and industrial equipment. The champion cell has an efficiency of 22.13% and a V
oc
of 680.3mV, confirmed by FrauhoferCalLab, and is the first world record to exceed 22% in the category of industrial-type large-area mono PERC cells with printed front and rear contacts. The improved surface passivation and optimized doping profile have reduced the saturation currents of the heavily and lightly doped emitter parts to 111 fA/cm
²
and 26.3 fA/cm
²
, respectively, which are the main contributions to the cell efficiency improvements.