Generation and load balance using linear quadratic Gaussian control

The state-space model-based control design for a two-area interconnected AC electric power system using the linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) controller is realized in this paper. In industry, the classical integer-order proportional-integral (PI) and proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers have been broadly adopted for automatic generation control (AGC). The conventional PI and PID controllers leverage area control error (ACE) measurements to eliminate steady-state errors in frequency and tie-line interchange active-power flow. This paper presents a comparison amongst the dynamic response of the conventional PI controller and observer-based servo controllers designed using pole placement as well as LQG techniques. The overarching goal of this work is to improve the dynamic response of AGC systems through an optimal control method, namely, LQG. This paper investigates AGC systems for interconnected power systems and shows that LQG controllers perform better than both the classical PI controller as well as the observer-based one designed using pole placement.