A low complexity map-aided Fuzzy Decision Tree for pedestrian indoor/outdoor navigation using smartphone

With the great international popularity and various sensors embedded, smartphone becomes an excellent mobile and indoor navigator. Pedestrian Dead Reckoning (PDR) is one of the most common technologies for pedestrian and indoor navigation which is based upon pedometer and orientation sensor. But various errors tend to accumulated step by step in its present form. Therefore, this study proposes a novel map aided Fuzzy Decision Tree (FDT) without complex algorithm and individually tuning process to reduce the accumulated error, improve the generation ability and minimize the use of infrastructure. The rule-based FDT algorithm estimates the location based upon the map, sensors and expert knowledge after training once then for other new experiments. Various scenarios consisted of different test sites, smartphones and users are implemented in order to verify the performance of proposed algorithm. The results verify that once the proposed algorithm is well trained, it is able to maintain good position performance regardless of the users, fields and smartphones. In addition, the positioning solution can output the global coordinate because of the use of self-produced map for seamless navigation in both indoor and outdoor environments.