A method of calculating the frequency-dependent ground impedance of horizontal electrodes

The parameters of Debye's equation presented in many references were applied to analyze the frequency-dependent ground impedance of horizontal ground electrodes. In this paper, a new method based on Debye's equation of analyzing the polarization effect on the ground impedance was presented. Also, the ground impedances calculated from the empirical equations in the literature were compared with the data obtained in this work. Finally, a new method using the delta-dap source model was proposed to calculate the ground impedance when the ground current is injected at the center of horizontal electrode. As a result, the frequency-dependent ground impedance simulated with the proposed method was in good agreement with the measured data.