BLE-Driven Power-Efficient Integrated Sensing and Communication Framework for Livestock Monitoring

The existing BLE-based cattle health and activity monitoring solutions rely primarily on parametric power optimization. However, a cattle health and activity monitoring system may require non-optimized parameters. Further, existing solutions transmit raw data, which is usually generated frequently, consequently increasing total transmission and causing high power consumption. Besides, BLE-based solutions are prone to data loss as the number of devices in the network increases, necessitating multiple transmissions to overcome data loss. However, the lack of an analytical framework to determine the optimal number of retransmissions results in redundant transmissions. This highlights the need for analytical expressions to precisely calculate the required number of retransmissions to overcome data loss. Owing to this issue and the emergence of BLE-related solutions, we have first examined the root cause of higher power consumption. Secondly, to reduce the number of transmissions causing major power consumption, we have proposed a threshold mode that reduces the total number of transmissions and saves a significant amount of power by only transmitting parametric data over raw data, which is usually sensed and transmitted very frequently. Thirdly, we have derived analytical close-form expression for the average number of transmissions required for successful data reception, which was the critical bottleneck in existing works. As a result, we have achieved significant improvement in battery life over the existing works; in particular, we achieved a maximum battery life of 10 years in mode A (raw data transmission) and 21 years in mode B (thresholding mode).