End-to-end Internet packet dynamics
Paxson, V.
Networking, IEEE/ACM Transactions on
Volume 7, Issue 3, Jun 1999 Page(s):277 - 292
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/90.779192
Summary:We discuss findings from a large-scale study of Internet packet
dynamics conducted by tracing 20000 TCP bulk transfers between 35
Internet sites. Because we traced each 100-kbyte transfer at both the
sender and the receiver, the measurements allow us to distinguish
between the end-to-end behavior due to the different directions of the
Internet paths, which often exhibit asymmetries. We: (1) characterize
the prevalence of unusual network events such as out-of-order delivery
and packet replication; (2) discuss a robust receiver-based algorithm
for estimating “bottleneck bandwidth” that addresses
deficiencies discovered in techniques based on “packet
pair;” (3) investigate patterns of packet loss, finding that loss
events are not well modeled as independent and, furthermore, that the
distribution of the duration of loss events exhibits infinite variance;
and (4) analyze variations in packet transit delays as indicators of
congestion periods, finding that congestion periods also span a wide
range of time scales
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