An autonomous 16 mm³ solar-powered node for distributed wireless sensor networks
Warneke, B.A.; Scott, M.D.; Leibowitz, B.S.; Lixia Zhou; Bellew, C.L.; Chediak, J.A.; Kahn, J.M.; Boser, B.E.; Pister, K.S.J.
Sensors, 2002. Proceedings of IEEE
Volume 2, Issue , 2002 Page(s): 1510 - 1515 vol.2
Digital Object Identifier   10.1109/ICSENS.2002.1037346
Summary:A 16 mm³ autonomous solar-powered sensor node with bidirectional optical communication for distributed sensor networks has been demonstrated. The device digitizes integrated sensor signals and transmits/receives data over a free-space optical link. The system consists of three die - a 0.25 μm CMOS ASIC, a 2.6 mm² SOI solar cell array, and a micromachined four-quadrant corner-cube retroreflector (CCR), allowing it to be used in a one-to-many network configuration. The CMOS ASIC includes a photosensor integrated 3 MHz oscillator, 69 pJ/bit optical receiver and 31 pJ/sample ADC.

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