The history of liquid-crystal displays
Kawamoto, H.
Proceedings of the IEEE
Volume 90, Issue 4, Apr 2002 Page(s):460 - 500
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/JPROC.2002.1002521
Summary:The modem history of liquid crystals has been dominated by the
development of electronic displays. These developments began in 1964,
when Heilmeier of RCA Laboratories discovered the guest-host mode and
the dynamic-scattering mode. He thought a wall-sized flat-panel color TV
was just around the corner From that point on, twisted-nematic (TN)
mode, super TN mode, amorphous-Si field-effect transistor and
room-temperature liquid crystals were developed. In the beginning,
liquid-crystal displays (LCDs) were limited to niche applications such
as small-size displays for digital watches, pocket calculators, and
small handheld devices. That all changed with the development of the
notebook computer industry. In 1988, Washizuka et al. of Sharp
Corporation demonstrated an active-matrix full-color full-motion 14-in
display using a thin-film-transistor array. The electronics industries
now recognized that Heilmeier's 25-year dream of a wall-hanging
television had become reality. LCDs could be used to replace existing
cathode ray tubes. Through the cooperation and competition of many
electronics giants, the LCD industry was firmly established
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